Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rapidly growing subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that aims to make AI models and systems more transparent and understandable to humans. The goal of XAI is to bridge the gap between the black box nature of many AI models and human interpretability, to enable users to understand why and

Stochastic processes are an essential mathematical framework for understanding and modeling random phenomena. They have numerous applications in fields such as finance, engineering, and biology. One of the most well-known and influential works in this field is Stochastic Processes: Theory for Applications by Robert G. Gallager. Gallager is a renowned American electrical engineer and information

Introduction Deep Learning has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence and has become one of the most sought-after skills for developers and data scientists. With the increasing availability of data and computing power, it has become easier for individuals to learn and apply deep learning techniques in their projects. However, the complexity and unfamiliarity of